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​Thank you for posting your test. It appears that the A7S image was exposed (or displayed) at about 2-3 stops brighter than that of the 1DC, which could explain much of the noise difference. Do you have any shots in which the exposure is identical?

​If Dan Lavry's paper implies that bit depth and dynamic range are the same thing, then his paper is flawed. Sorry to harp, but there is no such thing as "16 bit dynamic range" -- not in video and not in audio. Bit depth and dynamic range are two independent properties.

The NX1 and some other Samsung cameras use open source Tizen OS, which is a version of Linux. However, as Neosushi and Andrew Reid suggested, it is likely that parts of the software on top of Tizen are not open source. However, the biggest bummer is that Tizen uses systemd -- the NX1 runs systemd -- oy veh!

I Don't see any way to preview messages before posting them.

Cocker was a accomplished singer and songwriter whose presence will be missed. Not sure, but I think that the only song performed by two different acts at Woodstock was the Cocker-penned "Something Coming On." Cocker did it, and so did Blood, Sweat & Tears.

​​Thank you for all the great work and info. Interested in knowing if the NX1's best feed is cinema-4K at 10-bits, 422, etc. Also, it would be very helpful to be able to download a 5-second, unaltered clip of a person "tits up," in both the NX1's native h265 and in the Shogun's best format. Thanks!

​Huh? It's not using IOS.

Thanks for the info and the video, and especially for the whip pans of the books. Definite rolling shutter. By the way, I think ffmpeg decodes h265, which could mean that Handbrake will also convert the codec. Not sure how well the ffmpeg decoder performs.

Great looking footage. Looks like you used a fairly high shutter speed. Would love to see a "180-degree" shutter with some quick pans across vertical lines.

As mentioned in the linked ML thread, the increase in dynamic range is achieved with ML's dual iso feature in which both "interlaced fields" are assigned a different iso. The only drawbacks of this technique is that it reduces the veritcal resolution, and it also increases the tendency for moire/aliasing. The concept behind the Panavision Dynamax sensor was similar, in that it was supposed to utilize neighboring RGB pixel groups of differing sensitivities (through the use of pixel apertures, as I recall).

Sort of... the Magic Lantern developers/forum-moderators effectively killed it. Part of the beauty of Tragic Lantern's h264 control is that it allows capture at full HD (or the Canon HDLSR-h264 variant of full HD) in files that have quality similar to that of higher bit rate mjpeg. TL can yield fairly rich 1920x1080 frames from the T3i, 7D and EOSM.

I would spend my money on used lenses. Lenses with Nikon F mounts are ideal becuase they can be adapted to many cameras (and actual Nikkor glass is usually a good value, too). One little known advantage of the T3i -- it is one of the few cameras that has a Tragic Lantern build. Tragic Lantern allows control of the h264 GOP (group of pictures) setting, so one can shoot h264 with all I-frames. In this scenario, each frame is essentially its own jpeg picture, with none of the blocky interframe artifacts that often plague h264 encondings. Here's an article that further explains things. As mentioned in this article, the early "TL 1" build for the T3i/600D allows more control of the h264 settings than the later builds. With both Tragic Lantern and Magic Lantern, one can also boost the h264 bit rate to one's liking. I think that the 5D mkIII is the only Canon HDSLR that offers "out-of-the-box" h264 with all I-frames. Don't know whether or not Canon offers any control of h264 bit rate on the 5D mkIII. I only know of two other cameras with TL builds: the 7D; and the EOSM. I have the EOSM, and

That is an exceedingly thorough rundown of the video capabilities of the GH4. Glad to see DPReview putting more emphasis on video.

If you are suggesting that converting to 4K to 1080 gives more detail than just capturing at 1080, I think the jury is still out on that issue. There are other variables involved, such as how precise one can focus in 4K compared to in 1080, and such as how sharpening algorithms in 4K affect the results after conversion to 1080. On the other hand, one can certainly retain more color depth when converting from 4k to 1080, all other variables remaining the same. Not at all. Aside from this thread's point that lighting and content are probably more important than resolution, the T3i/600D is one of the few cameras that can take advantage of Tragic Lantern's GOP 1 capability, which eliminates the blockiness from interframe H264 compression. To maximize TL's special H264 controls: 1. disable the camera audio; 2. get a fast SDHC/XC card; 3. install TL; 4. boost your bit rate to at least 2x; 5. use a flat picture style with the sharpness set to 1 (sharpen later in post); 6. and set your GOP to 1. You might be pleasantly surprised by the results. For 1080, I wouldn't necessarily choose an Alexa over a Sony F35. Not sure what is meant by this statement. The BMPCC gives an enormous amount of information in raw. I just shot a feature using two BMPCCs with speedboosters, and we captured about 8 terabytes of raw, 12-bit footage. Generally, I would rather shoot 1080 with a Sony F35 than a BMPCC. Also, there are other cameras that shoot resolutions between 1080 and 4K. Furthermore, other than the GH4, there are cameras that shoot raw cinema 4K (and greater). They spoke of the prevalence of down-scaling -- how gaffers complained about the trend of reduction in power of the lighting package, due to greater camera sensitivity. The gaffers can no longer skim as many of the big 10-ton truck and 1500-amp genny kit-rentals. Now, it is more common to use 5-ton LED/fluo-heavy packages with 500-amp (or less) gennies.

Sorry. Didn't mean to hijack the thread. Just trying to give a friendly reminder that resolution is integral to color depth. On the other hand, there certainly is nothing "geeky" about a thread titled, "Is 4K Not as Important as We Think It Is?" :) I don't think that there is anything inherently wrong with 4K (or with any other given resolution). Of course, the higher the resolution, the greater the bandwidth/resource requirements (all other variables remaining the same). In addition, those DPs stressed lighting over technical specs (including dynamic range and "color science"). YouTube looks awful on a lot of monitors. However, the moire problem could be peculiar to your set-up. What is the resolution of your monitor? That's an interesting topic. Just the other day, I was talking to my Indian filmmaker friend, and he explained that the reason why a lot of Indian films were completely looped (other than practical shooting advantages) was that Indian audiences like the "other-worldly" feel of overdubbed dialog. I don't think that 4K is particularly "exciting." 4K cinema cameras have been around since the first Dalsa Origin (2002?). 4K is yet another step in the cinematography megapixel race -- a conspicuous technical spec for producers (and others) to demand. In regards to the notion that dynamic range and color are more important than resolution, again, resolution is integral to color depth. However, a system with 10-bit depth and at least HD resolution would certainly suffice for a lot of the work done today. As I said earlier in the thread, I would rather shoot HD with a Sony F35 than 5K with a RED Epic. As those DPs suggested, lighting usually trumps all of the technical specs.

No. >I started a thread for members to post on how they dealt with the banding in the A7s. I already knew why banding is prevalent in the A7s -- it's 8-bit. Not by anyone who knows the difference between bit depth and dynamic range. Bit depth and dynamic range are two completely independent properties. Not necessarily. Banding is the phenomenon of a value threshold transition that falls within a broad smooth, tonal gradation. It is more of a result of bit depth and the smoothness of tonal transitions in the subject. Other 8-bit cameras exhibit the same (or more) banding as the A7s, and most of those other cameras have less dynamic range. For instance, the A7s has a large capture dynamic range with value thresholds that are spaced far apart in amplitude. So, the A7s might have one value threshold that falls within in a sky that ranges, say, 1/16th of a stop, while an 8-bit camera with less dynamic range might have 3 value thresholds that fall within the same sky. In such a scenario, the A7s has two bands in the sky, while the other 8-bit camera has four bands in the sky (and probably more contrast!). The smoother the gradation of intensity, the greater the chance of banding. Yes, higher bit depth can make banding less noticeable. Not by those who know the difference between bit depth and dynamic range. Bit depth and dynamic range are two completely independent properties. Bit depth and dynamic range are two completely independent properties. What can one say, except don't believe everything that you read on Wikipedia. The fact is that a 4-bit digital system can have over thirty stops of dynamic range, while a 16-bit system can have only one "stop" of dynamic range. Furthermore, analog systems (which have zero bit depth) can have a dynamic range of over thirty "stops." Put simply, bit depth is the potential number of value increments within a digital system. Dynamic range is the ratio between the largest and smallest values of usable amplitude, in both analog and digital systems.

Okay. What is the meaning of this statement? Given enough resolution and barring noise, a 1-bit camera could certainly provide the same amount of color info as an Alexa 65. Forget the summing -- summing implies that we are using more than 1-bit in our system (after the summing), and summing is completely unnecessary. I edited-out the summing step just before your response. In regards to the "loss of info" -- to what are you referring? Given infinite resolution and barring any other practical problems (such as noise), our 1-bit camera could certainly have more color info than an Alexa 65. The subject/scene that you are shooting with the 1-bit camera has resolution down to the atomic level. One could start with an analog image that has 0-bit depth. Regardless of the original bit depth and resolution (or color depth), the image is rendered within the color depth limits of the printing system. Thanks for reminding me of Velox. Not necessarily -- not if the printing system is higher quality than that of the original image. If the original image was shot on Royal-X and the printing screen is 10x finer than the Royal-X grains, there could be is no essential loss in quality -- even though the final image is not exactly the same as the original. The same principle applies to transcoding video. I fail to see how the fundamental relationship between resolution, bit depth and color depth causes misunderstanding, since most are completely ignorant of that actual relationship. Dynamic range and bit depth are two completely different and independent properties. By the way, dynamic range also exists in analog systems, but bit depth exists ONLY in digital systems

Bit depth and dynamic range are two completely independent and unrelated properties. One can map various bit depth ranges to any section of the amplitude range. Dynamic range refers to the "usable" section of the amplitude range. That's not how a 1-bit camera would be configured. With such a low bit-rate camera, one would have to create pixel groups with a range of sensitivities among the pixels in each group. There are four basic ways to vary the sensitivities of adjacent pixels: 1. electronically; 2. with optical filtration (similar to that of RGB filters on pixel groups, but with ND instead); 3. with different sized apertures (or obstructions) in front of each pixel in the group; 4. with various sized pixels. I think that some early digital imaging experimenters tried an electronic cascading technique with CCDs to get a greater range of tones, and Magic Lantern's "Dual ISO" feature can change pixel sensitivity on a per-line basis. Also, I am fairly sure that Panavision was using either varied pixel NDs or varied pixel apertures with their original Dynamax HDR sensor -- a true example of getting greater tonal range by increasing resolution with a fixed bit depth. In addition, Fuji is currently using various pixel sizes on their X-Tran sensor (for moire/aliasing elimination -- not for increased tonal range). I am not sure if screen capture/printing is considered to be an actual dithering process. Huh? How are you "harping?"

Sorry to harp on this point, but resolution is fundamental to color science. Resolution influences color depth just as much as bit depth influences color depth. Yes, bit depth is not the same thing as color depth -- they are decidedly different properties. Essentially, bit depth is the potential of color information in one digital pixel, whereas color depth (in digital imaging) is the total potential of color information from a given group of pixels. That "given group of pixels" involves the resolution side of the equation. By the way, color depth also applies to analog imaging -- bit depth only applies to digital imaging. Resolution is so crucial to color depth that a 1-bit image can exhibit an amazing range of photographic tones and colors, given enough resolution. In fact, every day we see what are essentially 1-bit images, when we look at printed magazines, newspapers and many posters and billboards. Misconceptions abound regarding the basics of color depth and how it relates to resolution, so much so that it is doubtful that any one of these "cinematography dream team" experts is aware of these color fundamentals. Agreed, and, by the same token, "Gilligan's Island" would be just as funny on 4k as it is on SD. In addition, I certainly would rather shoot HD with a Sony F35 (or with a BMPCC and a speedbooster) than 5K with a Red Epic. 10-bit HD is enough color depth for most of my work, and the F35 (and the BMPCC) footage looks better to me than that from any of the Red cameras.

Good work on both videos! However, I don't see anything super special with the skin tones in the color video. It just looks like it was well exposed and nicely graded, with some interesting lighting in a couple of shots and with excellent moves/expressions from the models (which is 90% of the battle). High speed certainly helps with the "sexiness" of the feel. In regards to the brief black & white video, it looks like there could be reduced red channel and/or boosted green (and possibly blue) channel in the B&W conversion. Gotta be careful with such a technique, because, although it can darken skin in a nice way and make blue forearm veins disappear, subtracting red and/or boosting green gives more contrast to red blemishes. Boosting blue can also increase noise.

Great interview! Lots of good information. Thanks! As I understand, all of the Alexa XT models (XT, XT Plus, XT M and XT Studio) have 4:3 sensors. Furthermore, I think that there are a few 4k machine vision cameras that have 4:3 sensors.

The primary benefit of this practice is that the full color depth can be retained when converting to a lower resolution. Otherwise, color information is being discarded.

Actually, it does work and people have been doing it for years. You CAN sacrifice resolution for increased bit depth, with certain caveats: - banding in the original image won't automatically disappear with the increased bit depth; - the color depth can never be increased (bit depth is not color depth). This process was discussed extensively in >this thread.

Change the name of folder "/Users/TaJnB/Movies/untitled folder" to a name without any spaces (or special characters), such as: /Users/TaJnB/Movies/gh4files Make sure that the gh444 app and your gh4 mov files are in the directory /Users/TaJnB/Movies/gh4files Type at the terminal prompt: cd /Users/TaJnB/Movies/gh4files Press "enter" (or "return). The working directory of your terminal should now be "/Users/TaJnB/Movies/gh4files" Now, type at the terminal prompt: ./gh444 your_gh4_mov_file Replace "your_gh4_mov_file" with the actual name of your first gh4 mov file (it seems that you have to do each file one at a time). Press "enter" (or "return"). The gh444 app should now be converting your first gh4 mov file.

The problem is not the flange-focal distance, as Sony E-mount and Canon EOSM (EF-M) mounts have very short flange-focal distances (18mm), yet ASP-C sensors are offered with Canon EF-M mounts and full frame/ASP-C sensors are offered in E-mount. The flange-focal distance for micro 4/3 mount is longer than that of the EF-M mount and E-mount -- micro 4/3 is 19.25mm Indeed, there are plenty of E-mount focal reducers. Don't know how they work with APS-C sensors. My guess is that there would be some vignetting/softness in the corners of the frame. I seem to recall that someone posted some test shots in this forum a while back. Alas, there seems to be no focal reducers for the EF-M mount. So, I would guess that the problem is incorporating an optical element in the focal reducer that is large enough to fully cover ASP-C/Super-35 sensors.